CD11c+ CD8 T cells cause IFN-γ-dependent autoimmune neuroinflammation that is restrained by PD-1 signaling.

Unlabelled: In multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, CD8 T cells outnumber CD4 T cells, suggesting that they contribute to MS pathology. However, little is known on the role of CD8 T cells in MS, partially due to the nearly ubiquitous use of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models that are mediated by CD4 T cells, with no CD8 T cell contribution. Importantly, MS and EAE differ in both their distribution of CNS lesions and their symptoms, indicating differences in CNS inflammation.

Human alveolar echinococcosis - global, regional and national annual incidence and prevalence rates.

Background: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) of humans is a disease caused by the larval (metacestode) stage of the 'fox tapeworm' Echinococcus multilocularis. AE primarily affects the liver and, like a cancer, can spread to surrounding or distant organs. Its slow progression and resemblance to malignant tumours emphasise the critical importance of early detection and intervention, as there is no highly effective vaccine against AE.

An in-depth study of the dynamics of Thornley's mathematical model in plant biology with a view to an improved model.

Plants are essential for life on Earth, serving as a major source of food supply and contributing to the planet's carbon balance. Mathematical modelling is an important mechanism for predicting and optimising plant growth in agriculture, and Thornley's mathematical model (Thornley, 1997) is one of the most widely used models describing carbon and nitrogen allocation in plants. However, a formal mathematical analysis of the model's behaviour has not been performed.

The association between Parkinson disease and infection/exposure: A case-control study.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurological disorder and the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Research has explored the impact of infectious agents, such as the parasites, on neurological conditions, including PD. Given the limited studies worldwide and in Iran, this study aims to investigate the relationship between Toxocara infection and PD.

Food Recommendation as Language Processing (F-RLP): A Personalized and Contextual Paradigm.

State-of-the-art rule-based and classification-based food recommendation systems face significant challenges in becoming practical and useful. This difficulty arises primarily because most machine learning models struggle with problems characterized by an almost infinite number of classes and a limited number of samples within an unbalanced dataset. Conversely, the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) as recommendation engines offers a promising avenue.