Is therapeutic plasma exchange effective in leptospirosis-associated severe pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome? A systematic review.

Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonosis fast becoming a global burden. Pulmonary haemorrhages are a deadly complication, with case fatality rates >50%. Systemic vasculitis is thought to be the pathological process responsible for pulmonary haemorrhages and therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is one of the treatments offered.