Increasing volume of food by incorporating air reduces energy intake.

Major challenges with weight management using weight-loss diets include hunger and rapid consumption of food, both of which lead to poor owner compliance. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of increasing volume, by incorporating air, into dry expanded food, on satiety in dogs. Three studies have been performed.

Characterization of a Schwann cell enhancer in the myelin basic protein gene.

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells use diverse regulatory elements to transcribe myelin basic protein (Mbp). For example, an enhancer 9.0 kb upstream of Mbp (MbpSCE1) activated either the proximal Mbp or hsp68 promoters only in Schwann cells in transgenic mice.

MEBA derepresses the proximal myelin basic protein promoter in oligodendrocytes.

The central nervous system expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) is restricted to oligodendrocytes and is developmentally regulated; these regulatory features are transcriptionally mediated. We have previously shown that the proximal 149 nucleotides of the MBP promoter were both necessary and sufficient to activate the transcription of MBP in cultured oligodendrocytes, but not in other cell types. Sequences within the distal portion of this promoter, which contains a nuclear factor 1 (NF1) binding site, repressed activation of the MBP promoter in Cos-7 cells, but not in oligodendrocytes.

Exposed thiols confer localization in the endoplasmic reticulum by retention rather than retrieval.

The cysteine present in the Ig micro chain tailpiece (microtp) prevents the secretion of unpolymerized IgM intermediates and causes their accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In principle, this can be the consequence of actual retention in this organelle or of retrieval from the Golgi. To determine which of the two mechanisms underlies the cysteine-dependent ER localization, we analyze here the post-translational modifications of suitably engineered cathepsin D (CD) molecules.