The characteristics of patients with encephaloceles.

Some of the intellectual, physical and family characteristics of 72 patients with encephaloceles were examined. Their numbers reached a peak in the 1960s and have declined dramatically since then. 70% of the patients were female.

Conductive education--magic or myth?

Subjective reports on the results of conductive education (CE) in 18 groups of children in English schools, and in 16 children who had been to Hungary were examined. Although many improvements seem to be indicated, rigorous scientific methods were not used, and the verdict on CE must remain open. The newly established Foundation for Conductive Education in Birmingham may help to resolve current uncertainty.

Late back closure in myelomeningoceles--better results for the more severely affected?

The results of operated cases of myelomeningocele and meningocele during 1980-1985 are presented. The results of treating open lesions with severe paralysis by late closure do not appear to give rise to a lower intelligence. It is suggested that elective delayed surgery is in the child's best interest.

The integration of spina bifida children--are their needs being met?

After eleven years of vigorously promoting integration, the majority of Sheffield Children's Hospital spina bifida patients are now successfully integrated. A parallel study in Greater Manchester confirmed that parents, teachers and the spina bifida children are overwhelmingly in favour of integration. A large number of children were transferred from special to ordinary schools, and very few had to be transferred back to segregated schooling.

Gender and spina bifida--some misconceptions.

1367 survivors (997 myelomeningoceles, 207 meningoceles, 81 lipomas of the cauda equina and 82 encephaloceles) were included in this study of sex differences. Contrary to widespread opinion, very few differences were observed. Myelomeningocele patients had significantly lower IQs, smaller heads and thinner brains.