Substrate binding and catalytic mechanism of UDP-α-D-galactofuranose: β-galactofuranoside β-(1→5)-galactofuranosyltransferase GfsA.

UDP-α-D-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf): β-galactofuranoside β-(1→5)-galactofuranosyltransferase, known as GfsA, is essential in synthesizing β-(1→5)-galactofuranosyl oligosaccharides that are incorporated into the cell wall of pathogenic fungi. This study analyzed the structure and function of GfsA from . To provide crucial insights into the catalytic mechanism and substrate recognition, the complex structure was elucidated with manganese (Mn), a donor substrate product (UDP), and an acceptor sugar molecule (β-galactofuranose).

subsp. C60 Upregulates Macrophage Function by Modifying Metabolic Preference in Enhanced Anti-Tumor Immunity.

subsp. C60 is a probiotic strain of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which induces various immune modifications in myeloid lineage cells. These modifications subsequently regulate T cell function, resulting in enhanced immunity both locally and systemically.

Neutrophils Expressing Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Play an Indispensable Role in Effective Bacterial Elimination and Resolving Inflammation in Methicillin-Resistant Infection.

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a co-inhibitory molecule expressed on the surface of various cell types and known for its suppressive effect on T cells through its interaction with PD-1. Neutrophils also express PD-L1, and its expression is elevated in specific situations; however, the immunobiological role of PD-L1 neutrophils has not been fully characterized. Here, we report that PD-L1-expressing neutrophils increased in methicillin-resistant (MRSA) infection are highly functional in bacterial elimination and supporting inflammatory resolution.

Probiotic lactic acid bacteria promote anti-tumor immunity through enhanced major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted antigen presentation machinery in dendritic cells.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) possess the ability to argument T cell activity through functional modification of antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism underlying LAB-induced enhancement of antigen presentation in APCs remains incompletely understood. To address this question, we investigated the detailed mechanism underlying the enhancement of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted antigen presentation in DCs using a probiotic strain known as subsp.