Ambulatory Hysteroscopy: Evaluating Pain and Determining Factors.

Study Objective: To measure pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and analyse its relationships with variables such as menopausal status, parity, uterine and cervical pathology, procedure length, and anxiety in patients undergoing ambulatory hysteroscopy (AH).

Design: Prospective observational study.

Setting: Dr DY Patil Medical Hospital and Research Centre, Dr.

Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Antibodies to Hepatitis C in the General Population of Benue State, Central Nigeria.

There have been various estimates of the prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections in Nigeria. Recent studies have shown the prevalence to be lower than previously reported. The different populations studied might be responsible for this.

The Botanical Glycoside Oleandrin Inhibits Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type-1 Infectivity and Env-Dependent Virological Synapse Formation.

At present, there are no antiretroviral drugs that inhibit incorporation of the envelope glycoprotein into newly-synthesized virus particles. The botanical glycoside, oleandrin, derived from extracts of Nerium oleander, has previously been shown to reduce the levels of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein on human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) particles and inhibit HIV-1 infectivity . We therefore tested whether oleandrin or an extract from could also inhibit the infectivity of the human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1): A related enveloped retrovirus and emerging tropical infectious agent.

Epidemiology of Liver Cancer in Africa: Current and Future Trends.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a disease of global public health significance with mortality on the rise, despite the preventable nature of its risk factors especially in Africa. It is now the sixth most common cancer worldwide, fifth in males, and ninth in females. HCC incidence and mortality are predicted to increase in African countries constrained by limited resources to combat endemic levels of viral infection and synergistic environmental risk factors.

The human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 tax oncoprotein dissociates NF-κB p65-Stathmin complexes and causes catastrophic mitotic spindle damage and genomic instability.

Genomic instability is a hallmark of many cancers; however, the molecular etiology of chromosomal dysregulation is not well understood. The human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) oncoprotein Tax activates NF-κB-signaling and induces DNA-damage and aberrant chromosomal segregation through diverse mechanisms which contribute to viral carcinogenesis. Intriguingly, Stathmin/oncoprotein-18 (Op-18) depolymerizes tubulin and interacts with the p65 subunit and functions as a cofactor for NF-κB-dependent transactivation.