Performance of the DASF compared to other combinations of OECD NAMs for eye hazard identification of surfactants.

Currently, the OECD has adopted three defined approaches (DAs) for eye hazard identification of non-surfactant liquids and solids (TG 467) according to the three UN GHS categories. We are now expanding the applicability domain with a new DA for chemicals having surfactant properties (DASF). It is based on a combination of recombinant human cornea-like epithelium test methods (TG 492: EpiOcular™ EIT or SkinEthic™ HCE EIT) and a modification of the Short Time Exposure (TG 491) method.

Shifting sensitivity of septoria tritici blotch compromises field performance and yield of main fungicides in Europe.

Septoria tritici blotch (STB; ) is a severe leaf disease on wheat in Northern Europe. Fungicide resistance in the populations of is increasingly challenging future control options. Twenty-five field trials were carried out in nine countries across Europe from 2019 to 2021 to investigate the efficacy of specific DMI and SDHI fungicides against STB.

Divergent locomotor evolution in "giant" kangaroos: Evidence from foot bone bending resistances and microanatomy.

The extinct sthenurine (giant, short-faced) kangaroos have been proposed to have a different type of locomotor behavior to extant (macropodine) kangaroos, based both on physical limitations (the size of many exceeds the proposed limit for hopping) and anatomical features (features of the hind limb anatomy suggestive of weight-bearing on one leg at a time). Here, we use micro computerised tomography (micro-CT) scans of the pedal bones of six kangaroos, three sthenurine, and three macropodine, ranging from ~50 to 150 kg, to investigate possible differences in bone resistances to bending and cortical bone distribution that might relate to differences in locomotion. Using second moment of area analysis, we show differences in resistance to bending between the two subfamilies.

Ambulance waiting and associated work flow improvement strategies: a pilot study to improve door-in-door-out time for thrombectomy patients in a primary stroke center.

Background: Rapid access to thrombectomy for patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is critical for improving outcome. A major challenge for the 'drip and ship' model is reducing the door-in-door-out time (DIDO). We propose a new protocol with the aim of reducing DIDO, without adversely affecting emergency service usage time.

Taxonomically Restricted Wheat Genes Interact With Small Secreted Fungal Proteins and Enhance Resistance to Septoria Tritici Blotch Disease.

Understanding the nuances of host/pathogen interactions are paramount if we wish to effectively control cereal diseases. In the case of the wheat/ interaction that leads to Septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease, a 10,000-year-old conflict has led to considerable armaments being developed on both sides which are not reflected in conventional model systems. Taxonomically restricted genes (TRGs) have evolved in wheat to better allow it to cope with stress caused by fungal pathogens, and has evolved specialized effectors which allow it to manipulate its' host.