Opioids and stimulants are often used in combination for both recreational and non-recreational purposes. High-efficacy mu opioid agonists generally increase the behavioral effects of stimulants, whereas opioid receptor antagonists generally attenuate the behavioral effects of stimulants; however, less is known regarding the interactions between stimulants and opioids possessing low to intermediate efficacy at the mu receptor. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of an opioid's relative efficacy at the mu receptor in altering the behavioral effects of dextro(-)amphetamine.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRationale: Heroin intake decreases during the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle in female rats. Circulating concentrations of both estradiol and progesterone peak during proestrus, and it is not known which of these hormones, or their combination, are responsible for these effects.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of estradiol, progesterone, and their combination on heroin self-administration in female rats.
Background: The aim of this study is to determine the plasma levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrotic factor alpha (TNF-α, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in adult Nigerians with the metabolic syndrome and to determine the relationship between components of the metabolic syndrome and CRP in adult Nigerians.
Subjects And Methods: This was a case-control study of fifty adult men and women with the metabolic syndrome, and fifty age- and sex-matched males and females without the metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Programme-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria.