[Classical and pulsed gel electrophoresis of biopolymers. Theory and applications].

The work is devoted to the modern theory of gel electrophoresis in stationary and alternating electric fields, and it brings together results of numerous theoretical and experimental studies hitherto conducted. Main attention is drawn to the approximation definitions used in theory and to cases of divergences between theory and experimentation. Basic methods of gel electrophoresis and electrotransfer are principally analysed that appeared not long ago and showed to be greatly perspective.

A physiological role for DNA supercoiling in the anaerobic regulation of colicin gene expression.

The mechanism of anaerobic regulation of synthesis of colicins E1, E2, E3, K and D was studied. It was found that anaerobiosis significantly increases expression of the genes for colicins E1, E2, E3, K, and D. Experiments with novobiocin (a DNA gyrase inhibitor) showed that colicin synthesis in minicells and derepressed colicin synthesis in cells are dramatically reduced by relaxation of DNA supercoiling.

[Molecular mechanisms of regulating mammalian sex and problems of fractionating spermatozoa].

We present results of a study devoted to genetic determination and to the mechanism of primary sex differentiation in mammals. Progress is achieved in the mapping of a Y chromosome region necessary and sufficient for testis determination in man (TDF) and mouse (Tdy). We discuss a possible role in sex regulation of a recently described highly conservative locus from this region, ZFY (and similar loci within other chromosomes probably coding for Zn-binding proteins, transcription regulators) and H-Y antigen as well.

[The role of pulsed gel electrophoresis in the study of biological macromolecules].

We present modern conceptions concerning movement of biopolymer molecules in a gel under the action of static and pulsed electric fields, and we basically analyse some mostly used techniques of pulsed electrophoresis and the results yielded by using them. Pulsed procedures are shown to essentially widen the possibilities of analytical electrophoresis and electrophoretic transblotting are elaborated. Cameras and buffer systems used are the same as in classical methods involving the constant electric field.

[Spontaneous synthesis of colicin].

We studied regularities of the spontaneous synthesis of colicin E1 and its regulatory role in the survival of each cell and the population. For the first time, colicin from spontaneously induced cells was isolated and characterized, and the kinetics of its synthesis determined in a separate cell. It was stated that the time of colicin accumulation in an induced cell and the half-time period of a similar cell exceeds the period of cell doubling by 1.