Microbial natural compounds and secondary metabolites as Immunomodulators: A review.

Immunomodulatory therapies are beneficial strategies for the improvement of immune system function. Today, due to the increasing prevalence of immune disorders, cancer, and new viral diseases, there is a greater need to introduce immunomodulatory compounds with more efficiency and fewer side effects. Microbial derivatives are fertile and attractive grounds for discovering lots of novel compounds with various medical properties.

Extracellular vesicles of immune cells; immunomodulatory impacts and therapeutic potentials.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse collection of lipid bilayer-membrane-bound particles which are released from cells into the extracellular space and biologic fluids. In multicellular organisms, these vesicles facilitate the exchange of bioactive compounds such as RNA, DNA, proteins, various metabolites, and lipids between the cells. EVs are produced and released by almost all eukaryotic cells including immune cells and can have immunomodulating effects by either stimulation or suppression of their activities.

Differential Biological Behavior of Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells under Gel Culturing.

is used for its large variety of biological activities such as wound healing, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, gastroprotective, and anti-cancer. Although the beneficial effects of on wound healing have been proven, little is known about its effects at the cellular level. In this study, we evaluated the angiogenic and migrative effects of gel on fibroblasts and endothelial cells.

The Role of Autophagy in Osteoclast Differentiation and Bone Resorption Function.

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved and highly regulated recycling process of cellular wastes. Having a housekeeping role, autophagy through the digestion of domestic cytosolic organelles, proteins, macromolecules, and pathogens, eliminates unnecessary materials and provides nutrients and energy for cell survival and maintenance. The critical role of autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in osteoclast differentiation, bone resorption, and maintenance of bone homeostasis has previously been reported.

The effect of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) using flattening filter-free beams on cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) in clinical situations.

Purpose: This study focused on determining risks from stereotactic radiotherapy using flattening filter-free (FFF) beams for patients with cardiac implantable electronic device (CIEDs). Two strategies were employed: a) a retrospective analysis of patients with CIEDs who underwent stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)/SBRT at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre between 2014 and 2018 and b) an experimental study on the impact of FFF beams on CIEDs.

Methods: A retrospective review was performed.