Cryptic Eimeria genotypes are common across the southern but not northern hemisphere.

The phylum Apicomplexa includes parasites of medical, zoonotic and veterinary significance. Understanding the global distribution and genetic diversity of these protozoa is of fundamental importance for efficient, robust and long-lasting methods of control. Eimeria spp.

Population, genetic, and antigenic diversity of the apicomplexan Eimeria tenella and their relevance to vaccine development.

The phylum Apicomplexa includes serious pathogens of humans and animals. Understanding the distribution and population structure of these protozoan parasites is of fundamental importance to explain disease epidemiology and develop sustainable controls. Predicting the likely efficacy and longevity of subunit vaccines in field populations relies on knowledge of relevant preexisting antigenic diversity, population structure, the likelihood of coinfection by genetically distinct strains, and the efficiency of cross-fertilization.

An optimised protocol for molecular identification of Eimeria from chickens.

Molecular approaches supporting identification of Eimeria parasites infecting chickens have been available for more than 20 years, although they have largely failed to replace traditional measures such as microscopy and pathology. Limitations of microscopy-led diagnostics, including a requirement for specialist parasitological expertise and low sample throughput, are yet to be outweighed by the difficulties associated with accessing genomic DNA from environmental Eimeria samples. A key step towards the use of Eimeria species-specific PCR as a sensitive and reproducible discriminatory tool for use in the field is the production of a standardised protocol that includes sample collection and DNA template preparation, as well as primer selection from the numerous PCR assays now published.

Breast ptosis managed by mastopexy using the triple flaps procedure.

Breast ptosis is a highly unattractive appearance of the breast. In the mind, it is associated with aging, multiple pregnancies, lactation, and senile changes. Its correction by mastopexy presents one of the greatest challenges to the breast surgeon aiming at a pleasant full conical shape and stability of the results.

Retrograde femoral nailing in elderly patients with supracondylar fracture femur; is it the answer for a clinical problem?

Background: Supracondylar fractures of femur constitute 7% of all femoral fractures. In elderly patients, they are invariably low-energy fractures predisposed to by osteoporosis. Treatment of these fractures in the elderly is a challenging task for most orthopaedic surgeons.