Paraventricular Thalamus Projection Neurons Integrate Cortical and Hypothalamic Signals for Cue-Reward Processing.

The paraventricular thalamus (PVT) is an interface for brain reward circuits, with input signals arising from structures, such as prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus, that are broadcast to downstream limbic targets. However, the precise synaptic connectivity, activity, and function of PVT circuitry for reward processing are unclear. Here, using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging, we find that PVT neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens (PVT-NAc) develop inhibitory responses to reward-predictive cues coding for both cue-reward associative information and behavior.

Evaluation of the Effect of Hévíz Mud in Patients with Hand Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Controlled, Single-Blind Follow-Up Study.

Background: Heat therapy is one of the most popular non-pharmacological treatments for osteoarthritis of the hand.

Objectives: To investigate the therapeutic and chemical effects of Hévíz mud on patients with hand osteoarthritis.

Methods: We randomly assigned 47 patients with mild-to-moderate hand osteoarthritis to two groups.

Prefrontal cortex output circuits guide reward seeking through divergent cue encoding.

The prefrontal cortex is a critical neuroanatomical hub for controlling motivated behaviours across mammalian species. In addition to intra-cortical connectivity, prefrontal projection neurons innervate subcortical structures that contribute to reward-seeking behaviours, such as the ventral striatum and midline thalamus. While connectivity among these structures contributes to appetitive behaviours, how projection-specific prefrontal neurons encode reward-relevant information to guide reward seeking is unknown.

Evaluation of the effect of Lake Hévíz thermal mineral water in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled, single-blind, follow-up study.

Background: Osteoarthritis is the most frequent joint disease and is a leading cause of pain and locomotor disability in elderly people. The treatment of osteoarthritis includes non-pharmacological, pharmacological, and surgical therapies. Silver level evidence has been found concerning balneotherapy in osteoarthritis.

Clinical characteristics of the smooth tubercle bacilli 'Mycobacterium canettii' infection suggest the existence of an environmental reservoir.

Over a 3-year follow-up, 30 out of the 318 unique Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates recovered in the Republic of Djibouti had a smooth-type morphology and were Niacine-negative, the characteristics of 'Mycobacterium canettii' strains. Unlike M. tuberculosis, 'M.