The Critical Lens: It is time to start using the right test for febrile young infants.

Fever among infants in the first months of life is a common clinical conundrum facing all clinicians who treat children. Most well-appearing febrile young infants have viral illnesses. However, it is critical to identify those at risk of invasive bacterial infections, specifically bacteremia and bacterial meningitis.

The DNH 7 endocast of Paranthropus robustus from Drimolen, South Africa: Reconsidering the functional significance of an enlarged occipital-marginal (O/M) sinus system in robust australopithecines.

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the endocast of one of the most complete Paranthropus robustus crania known, DNH 7, from the Drimolen site (South Africa), and compares it with the morphology of other australopithecine endocasts. We focus on endocranial volume, the impressions of cortical sulci, cranial sutures, and the pattern of cranial venous sinuses on the endocast. A noteworthy observation is the estimated endocranial capacity of 403 cm, which is small for an adult Paranthropus.

Unveiling the vulnerability of the human abducens nerve: insights from comparative cranial base anatomy in mammals and primates.

The topographic anatomy of the abducens nerve has been the subject of research for more than 150 years. Although its vulnerability was initially attributed to its length, this hypothesis has largely lost prominence. Instead, attention has shifted toward its intricate anatomical relations along the cranial base.

Methylation-directed regulatory networks determine enhancing and silencing of mutation disease driver genes and explain inter-patient expression variation.

Background: Common diseases manifest differentially between patients, but the genetic origin of this variation remains unclear. To explore possible involvement of gene transcriptional-variation, we produce a DNA methylation-oriented, driver-gene-wide dataset of regulatory elements in human glioblastomas and study their effect on inter-patient gene expression variation.

Results: In 175 of 177 analyzed gene regulatory domains, transcriptional enhancers and silencers are intermixed.

"Untying the knot": The primitive orofacial muscle architecture in the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) as a key to the evolution of hominin facial movement.

The anatomical underpinnings of primate facial expressions are essential to exploring their evolution. Traditionally, it has been accepted that the primate face exhibits a "scala natura" morphocline, ranging from primitive to derived characteristics. At the primitive end, the face consists of undifferentiated muscular sheets, while at the derived end there is greater complexity with more muscles and insertion points.