A total cost perspective of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus in two South African medical schemes servicing the public healthcare sector.

Background: Diabetes is increasingly becoming a public health concern in South Africa (SA). There are limited available data on the costs of diabetes.

Objectives: To provide a total cost perspective of diabetes using medical scheme claims data from two SA medical schemes servicing the public healthcare sector in 2015 and 2016.

Bone microarchitecture in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for management of secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Background: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to complex bone disease, affecting both trabecular and cortical bone, and increased fracture risk. Optimal assessment of bone in patients with CKD is yet to be determined. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide three-dimensional assessment of bone microarchitecture, as well as determination of mechanical strength with finite element analysis (FEA).

Effectiveness of a walking group intervention to promote physical activity and cardiovascular health in predominantly non-Hispanic black and Hispanic urban neighborhoods: findings from the walk your heart to health intervention.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Walk Your Heart to Health (WYHH) intervention, one component of the multilevel Community Approaches to Cardiovascular Health: Pathways to Heart Health (CATCH:PATH) intervention designed to promote physical activity and reduce cardiovascular risk among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic residents of Detroit, Michigan. The study was designed and implemented using a community-based participatory research approach that actively engaged community residents, health service providers and academic researchers. It was implemented between 2009 and 2012.

Associations between observed neighborhood characteristics and physical activity: findings from a multiethnic urban community.

Background: There is growing interest in the contributions of characteristics of the neighborhood environment to inequalities in physical activity. However, few studies have examined the relationship between observed neighborhood environmental characteristics and physical activity in a multiethnic urban area.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess relationships between neighborhood environments and physical activity and the extent to which these associations varied by demographic characteristics or perceptions of the physical and social environment.

Food shopping behaviours and exposure to discrimination.

Objective: The present study examined food shopping behaviours, particularly distance to grocery shop, and exposure to discrimination.

Design: Cross-sectional observational study utilizing data from a community survey, neighbourhood food environment observations and the decennial census.

Setting: Three communities in Detroit, Michigan, USA.