Pediatric chest wall and breast deformities.

Pediatric chest wall and breast deformities present as a wide spectrum of anomalies, and often occur coincidentally. Chest wall abnormalities fall into two categories, congenital (which are largely hypoplastic) and deformational (including both chest wall malignancies and postoperative abnormalities). Breast abnormalities can be categorized into three groups, including hypoplastic, hyperplastic, and deformational anomalies.

Craniosynostosis: a single institution's outcome assessment from surgical reconstruction.

Purpose: A retrospective review of a single institution's 20-year experience of complications and reoperation rates after surgery for primary craniosynostosis correction.

Methodology: A retrospective chart review of all patients (n = 376) undergoing primary surgery for craniosynostosis was conducted. The charts were analyzed for diagnosis, sex, syndromic involvement, age at operation, type of fixation, complications, and reoperations.

Surgical cephalometrics: applications and developments.

Learning Objectives: After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe the historical origins of modern cephalometry. 2.