Bladder Cancer: Update on Risk Factors, Molecular and Ultrastructural Patterns.

Objective: The molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer development and progression are not clear. Bladder cancer is an important focus for epidemiological studies and understanding clinical implications.

Goal: The primary aim of prevention is achieved by limiting exposure to non-genetic risk factors, such as smoking, diet, arsenic in drinking water, or aromatic amines at work or elsewhere.

[Laparoscopic cystoprostatvesiculeectomy with orthotopic excentric ileal bladder substitution].

There are numerous options for forming an orthotopic bladder by the source tissue and the shape of the urinary reservoir. In our practice, we use the technique reported by Karolinska Institute (Sweden). This technique allows us to form a neobladder most resembling the natural urinary bladder in the shape and volume.

[Kidney tumor in urolithiasis patients: the current state of the problem].

Along with an increase in the worldwide prevalence of renal tumors and urolithiasis, recently there has been a clear tendency for co-occurrence of the two diseases. An analysis of the literature has revealed several unresolved issues, including the identification of the causal link between the two diseases and determination of rational therapies for their combination, which necessitates a careful investigation of the problem.

[Endoscopic removal of papillary tumors of upper urinary tract].

Aim: To assess the results of organ-sparing endoscopic treatment of patients with tumors of the upper urinary tract (UUT).

Materials And Methods: Twenty four patients underwent percutaneous and ureteropyeloscopic interventions for tumors of the upper urinary tract and were followed up at the Urology Clinic, I.M.

[Principles of surgical treatment of patients with renal tumor and coexistent contralateral kidney stone].

Aim: To determine the treatment strategy for patients with renal tumors and coexistent contralateral kidney stone.

Materials And Methods: From 2006 to 2015, 1380 and 4833 patients underwent surgery for renal tumours and kidney stones, respectively. The combination of stone disease and renal tumor was found in 159 (11.