Gonadal Teratomas: A State-of-the-Art Review in Pathology.

Teratomas are neoplasms arising from germ cells and encompass tissues derived from two or more embryonic germ layers, including ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These tumours typically localize along the midline or in paramedian positions and can manifest as gonadal (20%) or extragonadal (80%) entities. Although gonadal teratomas are uncommon, they represent the predominant type of gonadal tumour in the paediatric population.

Destructive effect of fluctuations on the performance of a Brownian gyrator.

The Brownian gyrator (BG) is often called a minimal model of a nano-engine performing a rotational motion, judging solely upon the fact that in non-equilibrium conditions its torque, specific angular momentum  and specific angular velocity  have non-zero mean values. For a (with time-step ) model we calculate here the previously unknown probability density functions (PDFs) of  and . We show that for finite , the PDF of  has exponential tails and all moments are therefore well-defined.

TIM-3, LAG-3, or 2B4 gene disruptions increase the anti-tumor response of engineered T cells.

Background: In adoptive T cell therapy, the long term therapeutic benefits in patients treated with engineered tumor specific T cells are limited by the lack of long term persistence of the infused cellular products and by the immunosuppressive mechanisms active in the tumor microenvironment. Exhausted T cells infiltrating the tumor are characterized by loss of effector functions triggered by multiple inhibitory receptors (IRs). In patients, IR blockade reverts T cell exhaustion but has low selectivity, potentially unleashing autoreactive clones and resulting in clinical autoimmune side effects.

Quantum duets working as autonomous thermal motors.

We study the dynamic properties of a thermal autonomous machine made up of two quantum Brownian particles, each of which is in contact with an environment at different temperature and moves on a periodic sinusoidal track. When such tracks are shifted, the center of mass of the system exhibits a nonvanishing velocity, for which we provide an exact expression in the limit of small track undulations. We discuss the role of the broken spatial symmetry in the emergence of directed motion in thermal machines.

Out-of-Equilibrium Clock Model at the Verge of Criticality.

We consider an out-of-equilibrium lattice model consisting of 2D discrete rotators, in contact with heat reservoirs at different temperatures. The equilibrium counterpart of such a model, the clock model, exhibits three phases: a low-temperature ordered phase, a quasiliquid phase, and a high-temperature disordered phase, with two corresponding phase transitions. In the out-of-equilibrium model the simultaneous breaking of spatial symmetry and thermal equilibrium gives rise to directed rotation of the spin variables.