We Should Celebrate, Not Censor, Learning From Epidemiologic History.

The controversy over whether repeated head impact (RHI)-a feature of occupations including professional contact sports, military service, firefighting, and logging-can cause the neurodegenerative disease now known as CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy) has thrust many positive epidemiologic studies into the spotlight. Various skeptics who dispute that the relationship is strong and causal continue to raise objections to these studies and their interpretation. The arguments these skeptics use remind other observers of many past sagas of "manufactured doubt," particularly the history of attempts to cast doubt on the propensity of tobacco products to cause lung cancer.

Guidelines of the International Headache Society for controlled trials of pharmacological preventive treatment for persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury.

Background: Persistent headache attributed to traumatic injury to the head is divided into two subtypes, one attributed to moderate or severe traumatic injury and another attributed to mild traumatic injury (i.e., concussion).

Plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide and nerve growth factor as headache and pain biomarkers in recently deployed soldiers with and without a recent concussion.

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the utility of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and nerve growth factor (NGF) as potential biomarkers for headache and pain disorders in the post-military deployment setting.

Background: The need to improve recognition, assessment, and prognoses of individuals with posttraumatic headache or other pain has increased interest in the potential of CGRP and NGF as biomarkers.

Methods: The Warrior Strong Study (NCT01847040) is an observational longitudinal study of United States-based soldiers who had recently returned from deployment to Afghanistan or Iraq from 2009 to 2014.