Core Concepts: Self-Controlled Designs in Pharmacoepidemiology.

One of the key challenges in pharmacoepidemiological studies is that of uncontrolled confounding, which occurs when confounders are poorly measured, unmeasured or unknown. Self-controlled designs can help address this issue, as their key comparison is not between people, but periods of time within the same person. This controls for all time-stable confounders (genetics) and in the absence of time-varying confounding negates the need for an external control group.

Potential interactions between antimicrobials and direct oral anticoagulants: population-based cohort and case-crossover study.

Background: Although drug interactions between clarithromycin/erythromycin/fluconazole and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are mechanistically plausible, it is uncertain whether they are clinically relevant.

Objective: To investigate the association between co-prescribed DOACs and antimicrobials and bleeding, cardiovascular disease and mortality.

Methods: We identified DOAC users in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum from 1/1/2011-29/3/2021.

Clair3-RNA: A deep learning-based small variant caller for long-read RNA sequencing data.

Variant calling using long-read RNA sequencing (lrRNA-seq) can be applied to diverse tasks, such as capturing full-length isoforms and gene expression profiling. It poses challenges, however, due to higher error rates than DNA data, the complexities of transcript diversity, RNA editing events, etc. In this paper, we propose Clair3-RNA, the first deep learning-based variant caller tailored for lrRNA-seq data.

Understanding the regulatory-procurement interface for medicines in Africa via publicly available information on standards, implementation, and enforcement in five countries.

Background: Substandard and falsified medicines in Africa are a major public health concern. Access to quality medical products in African countries is governed in large part by two major entities at the national level: the regulatory authority and the procurement agency. The importance of national regulators in ensuring quality medical products is well known.

Revisiting the Neuropsychological and Clinical Profile of Mosaic Turner Syndrome With a Ring X Chromosome.

Determining karyotype-phenotype correlations for individuals with Turner syndrome ("TS individuals") is a longstanding research endeavor. The limited literature on Turner syndrome (TS) with a ring X chromosome hinders counseling about the neuropsychological and clinical features. To further characterize these phenotypes, we compared 27 TS individuals with 46,X,r(X)/45,X ("ring X") to 50 non-mosaic 45,X, and 27 mosaic 45,X/46,XX ("mosaic 45,X") individuals.