The two coin sides of bacterial extracellular membrane nanovesicles: atherosclerosis trigger or remedy.

Among the numerous driving forces that cause the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), pathogenic bacterial extracellular membrane nanovesicles (BEMNs) containing toxins and virulence factors appear to be the key trigger of inflammation and atherogenesis, the major processes involved in the pathogenesis of ASCVD. Since BEMNs are the carriers of nanosized biomolecules to distant sites, they are now being considered as a novel drug delivery system. Nowadays, many therapeutic strategies are used to treat ASCVD.

The role of metabolic disorders in the development of atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelial activation, followed by a cascade of events (accumulation of lipids, fibrous elements, and calcification) triggering vasoconstriction and activation of inflammatory pathways. This review focuses on the various stages in the development of atherosclerosis, ranging from endothelial dysfunction to plaque rupture.

[Evolution of surgical approaches to carotid bifurcation].

Carotid endarterectomy is preferable for prevention of acute cerebrovascular accident associated with atherosclerotic lesions of internal carotid artery. Modern interest in minimizing local complications and small excisions is also actual in carotid surgery. The authors review the modern literature data on evolution of carotid arteries exposure.

[Superior mesenteric artery aneurysm].

We report surgical treatment of 4 patients with superior mesenteric artery aneurysm. A comprehensive examination including Doppler ultrasound and CT angiography of visceral arteries made it possible to assess the features of vascular anatomy. In accordance with the peculiarities of upper mesenteric artery angioarchitectonics, open and endovascular methods were used.

[Modern conceptions on neck paragangliomas].

Neck paragangliomas are orphan diseases with incidence 1:30 000-1:100 000. Life expectancy is poor in patients with distant metastasis (5-year overall survival 11.8%), whereas 5-year overall survival in patients with regional metastasis is 76.