Dichotomous impact of affinity on the function of T cell engaging bispecific antibodies.

Background: Bispecific T cell engagers represent the majority of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) entering the clinic to treat metastatic cancer. The ability to apply these agents safely and efficaciously in the clinic, particularly for solid tumors, has been challenging. Many preclinical studies have evaluated parameters related to the activity of T cell engaging BsAbs, but many questions remain.

A humanized CD3ε-knock-in mouse model for pre-clinical testing of anti-human CD3 therapy.

Pre-clinical murine models are critical for translating drug candidates from the bench to the bedside. There is interest in better understanding how anti-human CD3 therapy works based on recent longitudinal studies of short-term administration. Although several models have been created in this pursuit, each have their own advantages and disadvantages in Type-1 diabetes.

Molecular Insights into Fully Human and Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies: What are the Differences and Should Dermatologists Care?

In recent years, a large number of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have come to market to treat a variety of conditions including patients with immune-mediated chronic inflammation. Distinguishing the relative clinical efficacy and safety profiles of one monoclonal antibody relative to another can be difficult and complex due to different clinical designs and paucity of head-to-head comparator studies. One distinguishing feature in interpreting clinical trial data by dermatologists may begin by determining whether a monoclonal antibody is fully human or humanized, which can be discerned by the generic name of the drug.

Psychological Stress Activates the Inflammasome via Release of Adenosine Triphosphate and Stimulation of the Purinergic Type 2X7 Receptor.

Background: The mechanisms underlying stress-induced inflammation that contribute to major depressive disorder are unknown. We examine the role of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/purinergic type 2X7 receptor (P2X7R) pathway and the NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat, pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome in interleukin (IL)-1β and depressive behavioral responses to stress.

Methods: The influence of acute restraint stress on extracellular ATP, glutamate, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in hippocampus was determined by microdialysis, and the influence of acute restraint stress on the NLRP3 inflammasome was determined by western blot analysis.

Fab-based bispecific antibody formats with robust biophysical properties and biological activity.

A myriad of innovative bispecific antibody (BsAb) platforms have been reported. Most require significant protein engineering to be viable from a development and manufacturing perspective. Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) and diabodies that consist only of antibody variable domains have been used as building blocks for making BsAbs for decades.