Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Centrally acting muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists like atropine and scopolamine can induce psychosis-like symptoms. Xanomeline, a muscarinic M1/M4 preferring agonist attenuated the effects of amphetamine (animal model for schizophrenia) in the wild-type mice, however, such effects were absent in muscarinic M4 knockout mice. In addition, xanomeline was also found to be effective in attenuating neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Background: Tauopathies are a group of neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease that involve progressive neurodegeneration, behavioral deficits, and aberrant tau accumulation. While the molecular mechanisms that regulate the progression of the tauopathy are not fully elucidated, there is evidence to suggest that accumulation of nuclear DNA damage, particularly nuclear DNA double-strand breaks (DNA DSBs), contribute to the progression of neurodegeneration. In our present work, we investigated the relationship between DNA DSB accumulation and neuroinflammation in the brains of AD patients and a mouse model of tauopathy.

Comparative Analysis of Impact of Different Skill-training Methods among Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Study.

Background: The development of practical skills is crucial in medical education, with various teaching-learning (T/L) methods such as Demonstration-Observation-Assistance-Performance (DOAP), Peyton's four-step approach, and See One Do One Teach One (SO-DO-TO) being employed to enhance students' competencies in handling medical devices.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of DOAP, Peyton's approach and SO-DO-TO methods on skill performance of 1-year MBBS students in using a sphygmomanometer, audiometer, and electrocardiogram (ECG).

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 126 1-year MBBS students, who were randomly divided into three groups ( = 42).