Nasal insulin to prevent type 1 diabetes in children with HLA genotypes and autoantibodies conferring increased risk of disease: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial.

Background: In mouse models of diabetes, prophylactic administration of insulin reduced incidence of the disease. We investigated whether administration of nasal insulin decreased the incidence of type 1 diabetes, in children with HLA genotypes and autoantibodies increasing the risk of the disease.

Methods: At three university hospitals in Turku, Oulu, and Tampere (Finland), we analysed cord blood samples of 116 720 consecutively born infants, and 3430 of their siblings, for the HLA-DQB1 susceptibility alleles for type 1 diabetes.

Soluble adhesion molecules in young children with signs of beta-cell autoimmunity--prospective follow-up from birth.

Background: This study aimed at evaluating the relationship between the circulating concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and sL-selectin and the appearance of beta-cell autoimmunity, and at assessing whether these molecules could assist in the identification of environmental factors implicated in the immune process damaging the pancreatic beta-cells.

Methods: Serum levels of soluble adhesion molecules were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays over the first 2 years of life in 65 children seroconverting to positivity for autoantibodies and 65 control children, all with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Results: The total integrated concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules were comparable between the two groups.

Natural history of transglutaminase autoantibodies and mucosal changes in children carrying HLA-conferred celiac disease susceptibility.

Objective: The natural history of the appearance and fate of transglutaminase autoantibodies (TGAs) and mucosal changes in children carrying HLA-conferred celiac disease (CD) risk remains obscure. The aim of this study was to investigate the sequence of events leading to overt CD by retrospective analysis of TGA values in serum samples collected frequently from genetically susceptible children since birth or early childhood.

Material And Methods: A total of 1101 at-risk children were recruited in the study.

Familial clustering of beta-cell autoimmunity in initially non-diabetic children.

Background: Type 1 diabetes is characterised by familial aggregation. We set out to explore whether beta-cell autoimmunity, which is considered to precede clinical disease, also shows familial clustering.

Methods: Tests for HLA DQB1 alleles (*02, *0301, *0302, *0602) and islet cell autoantibodies (ICA) were performed on 5836 children from 2283 families.

Dynamics of diabetes-associated autoantibodies in young children with human leukocyte antigen-conferred risk of type 1 diabetes recruited from the general population.

This study characterized the dynamics of islet cell antibodies (ICA), insulin antibodies (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA), and IA-2 antibodies (IA-2A) in 1006 children recruited from the general population due to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1-conferred risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D). By the age of 5 yr, 13.8% of the children had had one or more autoantibodies in at least one sample drawn at 3- to 12-month intervals from birth, whereas 6.