[DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR DECONDITIONING ON THE STAGE OF RETURNING TO EARTH AFTER STAY IN MICROGRAVITY].

The authors present the results of retrospective analysis of earlier published papers and reports, and also own observations of cardiovascular deconditioning in cosmonauts and astronauts returning from microgravity. Benefits of in-flight physical exercises to g-tolerance during descent and post-recovery orthostatic stability are discussed.

[CHANGE IN THE CONDITION OF LOWER LIMB VEINS IN COSMONAUTS ON LONG-DURATION MISSIONS].

The paper reports changes in the main parameters of the lower limb veins in 36 cosmonauts in the course of 6-month space missions. Major reduction in the leg volume was shown in all cosmonauts, as well as a significant increase of venous capacity and compliance. Rate of vein filling exhibited different trends, i.

CHANGES IN MAIN VEIN CHARACTERISTICS OF COSMONAUT'S LOWER EXTREMITIES IN THE COURSE OF YEAR-LONG SPACE MISSIONS.

Leg venous measurements were performed in two cosmonauts during the 379-d "Mir" mission (K-1 and 340-d ISS mission (K-2). The paper presents individual changes in venous capacity, distention and filling rate in the legs of these two cosmonauts, and 23 cosmonauts on 6-mos. missions as controls.

[Normal values of the major parameters of lower limb veins in Russian cosmonauts prior to flight and in healthy untrained subjects].

The article presents normal values of the major parameters of lower limb veins in cosmonauts during preparations for space flight and volunteers leading a common life. The authors report the results and discuss the causes for differences in normal leg venous parameters in these groups of subjects. Incomparability of measurements made in cosmonauts and common people is demonstrated.

[SYMPTOMS OF NEGATIVE EFFECTS CUMULATION IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS UNDER THE ACTION OF G-LOADS OF VARYING DIRECTION IN CONTEXT OF AVIATION AND SPACE FLIGHTS].

Author's and literary data are analyzed to evince symptoms of cumulation in humans and animals of the negative effects caused by g-forces of different directions experienced in aviation and space flights. The author cites evidence for the decisive importance of g-duration for the development of negative effects. Functional indices of g-tolerance do not rule out possible latent changes in visceral organs and body tissues.