Should we routinely assess hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pediatric patients with Prader-Willi syndrome?

Background: It has been reported that central adrenal insufficiency (CAI) in pediatric patients (pts) with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) may be a potential cause of their sudden death. In addition, the risk of CAI may increase during treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH).

Objective: To prevent both over- and undertreatment with hydrocortisone, we evaluated the prevalence of CAI in a large multicenter cohort of pediatric pts with PWS analyzing adrenal response in the low-dose ACTH test (LDAT) and/or the glucagon stimulation test (GST) and reviewing the literature.

Long-term ultrasound follow-up of intrathyroidal ectopic thymus in children.

Objective: To present the sonographic follow-up of intrathyroidal ectopic thymus (IET) in children and adolescent patients.

Patients: Out of the 507 children referred to FNAB between 2006 and 2018, 30 (5.9%) pediatric patients (10 females), mean age 5.

Cushing disease in children and adolescents - assessment of the clinical course, diagnostic process, and effects of the treatment - experience from a single paediatric centre.

Introduction: Adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing syndrome, known as Cushing disease (CD), is a rare disease in paediatric patients, the signs and symptoms of which differ from those seen in adult patients.

Aim Of The Study: The objective of the study was to present the diagnostics and treatment results of CD in children and adolescents.

Material And Methods: We included four consequent patients in the study, 7-15 years old, with CD confirmed by laboratory tests and finally by histology ex-aminations after surgery.

Cyclic Cushing's Disease in the Prepubertal Period-A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Cyclic Cushing's disease (CD) has been described in about 15% of adult patients with CD. In the pediatric population, diagnosis of CD is rare and cyclic presentations of the disease are not adequately understood or described. Moreover, prepubertal patients usually do not present with the typical signs and symptoms of CD, which can obscure or delay diagnosis.

Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction in the developmental period: prenatally, in childhood, and adolescence - case reports and a review of the literature.

Introduction: Amiodarone is an important antiarrhythmic drug used in paediatric practice, mainly in children with complex congenital cardiac diseases and/or severe arrhythmias. One of the side effects of amiodarone therapy is thyroid dysfunction, which is observed in about 20% of patients. The thyroid dysfunction may present with various forms: from subclinical changes in hormone levels to amiodaroneinduced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) and amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism (AIH).