The Wavelength-Shifting Optical Module.

The Wavelength-shifting Optical Module (WOM) is a novel photosensor concept for the instrumentation of large detector volumes with single-photon sensitivity. The key objective is to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, which is achieved by decoupling the photosensitive area of a sensor from the cathode area of its photomultiplier tube (PMT). The WOM consists of a transparent tube with two PMTs attached to its ends.

Osteoblast response to titanium surface roughness and 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) is mediated through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.

When osteoblasts are cultured on surfaces of increasing microroughness, they exhibit decreases in proliferation, increases in differentiation and local factor production, and enhanced response to 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). The cells interact with surfaces through integrins, which signal by the same pathways used by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), including protein kinase C via phospholipase C and protein kinase A via phospholipase A(2). This provides opportunities for crosstalk that may contribute to the synergistic effects of surface roughness and the vitamin D metabolite.

Osseous overgrowth after post-traumatic amputation of the lower extremity in childhood.

Severe accidents in children may cause extreme destruction of the lower extremities. In some cases, there is no possibility to preserve the limbs. Initially, a weight-bearing stump cannot be achieved after amputation due to unstable local and soft tissue conditions.