[Recommendations for the Protocol of functional examination of the anorectal zone and disorders classification: the International Anorectal Physiology Working Group consensus and Russian real-world practice].

This manuscript summarizes consensus reached by the International Anorectal Physiology Working Group (IAPWG) for the performance, terminology used, and interpretation of anorectal function testing including anorectal manometry (focused on high-resolution manometry), the rectal sensory test, and the balloon expulsion test. Based on these measurements, a classification system for disorders of anorectal function is proposed. Aim to provide information about methods of diagnosis and new classification of functional anorectal disorders to a wide range of specialists general practitioners, therapists, gastroenterologists, coloproctologists all who face the manifestations of these diseases in everyday practice and determine the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm.

[Evaluation and management of infectious esophagitis in immunocompromised patients and immunocompetent individuals].

Among the many causes of the inflammatory process in the esophagus, infectious diseases are becoming increasingly important due to their steady growth. Previously esophageal infections have traditionally been associated with immunodeficiency syndromes, but now in clinical practice, these disorders are becoming increasingly recognized in immunocompetent individuals. Early diagnosis of infectious esophagitis is necessary to develop effective treatment tactics, and, as a result, reduce the risk of complications and adverse outcomes of the disease.

[The clinical significance of disorders of the motor function of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum].

The purpose of the review is to determine the relationship between the clinical symptoms of diseases and disorders of the motor function of the esophagus, stomach and duodenal bulb, to present modern methods of their diagnosis and pathogenetic principles of treatment of diseases. Depending on the pathogenesis, it is possible to distinguish secondary motility disorders resulting from organic lesions, and primary (functional) changes. The emergence of clinical symptoms is associated with impaired motor - evacuation function of the digestive tract, which can be divided into two large groups: changes in the peristaltic activity of the organ wall and the work of the sphincter apparatus.

[Rebamipide using in gastroesophageal reflux disease treatment].

Rebamipide is a mucoprotective drug which was developed in Japan in 1990. The therapeutic effect of rebamipide based on the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and increasing level of prostaglandins, inhibition of oxygen free radicals production, epidermal growth factor stimulation, vascular endothelial growth factor, nitric oxide, and decreasing of lipid peroxidation and neutrophils migration. The combination of proton pump inhibitors and rebamipide is more effective in relieving of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms and reducing recurrence rate of disease.

European guidelines on achalasia: United European Gastroenterology and European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility recommendations.

Introduction: Achalasia is a primary motor disorder of the oesophagus characterised by absence of peristalsis and insufficient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation. With new advances and developments in achalasia management, there is an increasing demand for comprehensive evidence-based guidelines to assist clinicians in achalasia patient care.

Methods: Guidelines were established by a working group of representatives from United European Gastroenterology, European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, and the European Association of Endoscopic Surgery in accordance with the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument.