Bile acids and incretins as modulators of obesity-associated atherosclerosis.

Obesity is one of the major global health concerns of the 21st century, associated with many comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and early and aggressive atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. Bile acids (BAs) and incretins are gut hormones involved in digestion and absorption of fatty acids, and insulin secretion, respectively. In recent years BAs and incretins are increasingly recognized as key signaling molecules, which target multiple tissues and organs, beyond the gastro-intestinal system.

Control of Crystallization Pathways in the BiFeO-BiFeO System.

Bismuth ferrites, specifically perovskite-type BiFeO and mullite-type BiFeO, hold significant technological promise as catalysts, photovoltaics, and room-temperature multiferroics. However, challenges arise due to their frequent cocrystallization, particularly in the nanoregime, hindering the production of phase-pure materials. This study unveils a controlled sol-gel crystallization approach, elucidating the phase formation complexities in the bismuth ferrite oxide system by coupling thermochemical analysis and total scattering with pair distribution function analysis.