Overlapping qubits from non-isometric maps and de Sitter tensor networks.

The emergence of a local effective theory from a more fundamental theory of quantum gravity with seemingly fewer degrees of freedom is a major puzzle of theoretical physics. A recent approach to this problem is to consider general features of the Hilbert space maps relating these theories. In this work, we construct approximately local observables, or overlapping qubits, from such non-isometric maps.

The first ice-free day in the Arctic Ocean could occur before 2030.

Projections of a sea ice-free Arctic have so far focused on monthly-mean ice-free conditions. We here provide the first projections of when we could see the first ice-free day in the Arctic Ocean, using daily output from multiple CMIP6 models. We find that there is a large range of the projected first ice-free day, from 3 years compared to a 2023-equivalent model state to no ice-free day before the end of the simulations in 2100, depending on the model and forcing scenario used.

APOE Protects Against Severe Infection with by Restraining Production of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.

While neutrophils are the predominant cell type in the lungs of humans with active tuberculosis (TB), they are relatively scarce in the lungs of most strains of mice that are used to study the disease. However, similar to humans, neutrophils account for approximately 45% of CD45+ cells in the lungs of mice on a high-cholesterol (HC) diet following infection with (Mtb). We hypothesized that the susceptibility of HC mice might arise from an unrestrained feed-forward loop in which production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) stimulates production of type I interferons by pDCs which in turn leads to the recruitment and activation of more neutrophils, and demonstrated that depleting neutrophils, depleting plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), or blocking type I interferon signaling, improved the outcome of infection.

ZBTB48 is a priming factor regulating B-cell-specific CIITA expression.

The class-II transactivator (CIITA) is the master regulator of MHC class-II gene expression and hence the adaptive immune response. Three cell type-specific promoters (pI, pIII, and pIV) are involved in the regulation of CIITA expression, which can be induced by IFN-γ in non-immune cells. While key regulatory elements have been identified within these promoters, our understanding of the transcription factors regulating CIITA expression is incomplete.

Open ocean convection drives enhanced eastern pathway of the Glacial Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.

Abundant proxy records suggest a profound reorganization of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~21,000 y ago), with the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) shoaling significantly relative to the present-day (PD) and forming Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water (GNAIW). However, almost all previous observational and modeling studies have focused on the zonal mean two-dimensional AMOC feature, while recent progress in the understanding of modern AMOC reveals a more complicated three-dimensional structure, with NADW penetrating from the subpolar North Atlantic to lower latitude through different pathways. Here, combining Pa/Th reconstructions and model simulations, we uncover a significant change in the three-dimensional structure of the glacial AMOC.