CODIFI2: Randomised controlled trial to compare clinical and cost-effectiveness of swabs versus tissue sampling to inform management of infected diabetic foot ulcers.

Baims/hypothesis: CODIFI2 compared wound swabbing and tissue sampling in people with infected diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) to determine the effects on clinical outcomes.

Methods: Multicentre, Phase III, prospective, non-blind, 2-arm parallel group, randomised controlled trial comparing time to ulcer healing (primary outcome), proportions healed, antimicrobial regimen, ulcer area reduction, hospitalisation duration, and time to death for swab compared to tissue sampling. Allocation was via a central and independent randomisation system, with minimisation by DFU site, number, type, size, location, and duration.

Cost-effectiveness of swab versus tissue sampling for infected diabetic foot ulcers from the CODIFI2 randomised controlled trial.

Aims: To compare the cost-effectiveness of wound swabbing versus tissue sampling for infected diabetic foot ulcers.

Methods: This multi-centre, Phase III, prospective, unblinded, two-arm parallel group, randomised controlled trial compared clinical (reported elsewhere) and economic outcomes of swab versus tissue sampling over a 52-104 week period. Resource use was logged using case record forms and patient questionnaire at weeks 4, 12, 26, 39, 52 and 104, costed using laboratory and published sources from the UK NHS perspective, at 2021/2022 price-year.

Urine Protein-to-Creatinine Ratio Remains Informative Despite Nonsteady State Serum Creatinine During Acute Kidney Injury.

Introduction: Experts have cautioned that assessment of proteinuria using urine protein-to-creatinine ratios (UPCRs) are not valid during acute kidney injury (AKI) because reduced urine creatinine in the denominator may artificially inflate the ratio. However, there is little empiric data assessing this theoretical concern.

Methods: Here, we retrospectively examined changes in UPCRs measured during episodes of severe AKI and assessed whether the magnitude and direction of these changes associate with how the serum creatinine level is changing at the time of UPCR collection.

Cell-autonomous timing drives the vertebrate segmentation clock's wave pattern.

Rhythmic and sequential segmentation of the growing vertebrate body relies on the segmentation clock, a multi-cellular oscillating genetic network. The clock is visible as tissue-level kinematic waves of gene expression that travel through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and arrest at the position of each forming segment. Here, we test how this hallmark wave pattern is driven by culturing single maturing PSM cells.