Costimulation blockade: the next generation.

Purpose Of The Review: Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are central to immunosuppression in kidney transplantation (KT), improving short-term outcomes but falling short in enhancing long-term outcomes due to cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal complications. Belatacept, an FDA-approved costimulation blocker, offers a less toxic alternative to CNIs but is limited by its intravenous administration and reduced efficacy in high-immunological-risk patients.

Recent Findings: Emerging therapies target more specific pathways to improve efficacy and accessibility.

Molecular and pharmacological heterogeneity of ETV6::RUNX1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

ETV6::RUNX1 is the most common fusion gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) associated with favorable prognosis, but the optimal therapy for this subtype remains unclear. Profiling the genomic and pharmacological landscape of 194 pediatric ETV6::RUNX1 ALL cases, we uncover two transcriptomic clusters, C1 (61%) and C2 (39%). Compared to C1, the C2 subtype features higher white blood cell counts and younger age at diagnosis, as well as better early treatment responses.

Confirming the validity and reliability of the Placement Evaluation Tool to evaluate midwifery practice placements (PET-Midwifery).

Problem: In Australia, program accreditation requirements include that education providers monitor and evaluate teaching and learning environments and provide evidence of outcomes being used to inform program quality improvement. Yet, closing this loop has proven challenging.

Background: The Australian National Placement Evaluation Centre (NPEC) functions to measure the quality of placements through student evaluations.