Efficacy of the FIFA cooling break heat policy during an intermittent treadmill football simulation in hot conditions in trained males.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) cooling break policy against alternative cooling configurations in attenuating thermal strain during simulated football in the heat.

Methods: 12 males (age: 27±6 years, V̇O: 61±7 mL/kg/min) completed five 90 min intermittent treadmill football match simulations in 40°C and 41% relative humidity (32°C wet-bulb globe temperature) with different cooling configurations: regular match without cooling breaks (REG), 3 min breaks without cooling (BRK), 3 min breaks with cooling (BRK: current FIFA policy; chilled fluid ingestion and ice towel across neck and shoulders), 5 min extended half-time without cooling breaks (ExtHT) and 3 min cooling breaks with 5 min ExtHT (ExtHT). Rectal temperature (T), heart rate, whole-body sweat rate (WBSR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded.

CAD/CAM nitinol bonded retainer versus a chairside rectangular-chain bonded retainer: A multicentre randomised controlled trial.

Background: Bonded retainers are widely used to maintain the positions of anterior teeth after orthodontic treatment. Various types of bonded retainer exist however, there is a lack of evidence to indicate which type is superior.

Aim: To compare upper and lower CAD/CAM nitinol bonded retainers (Memotain) with upper and lower chairside rectangular-chain bonded retainers (Ortho-FlexTech™), in terms of stability, retainer failures and patient satisfaction.

The British Orthodontic Society MOrth Cases Prize 2019.

This paper describes the orthodontic treatment of two cases that were successful in winning the British Orthodontic Society (BOS) Membership in Orthodontics (MOrth) Cases Prize in 2019. The first case describes the management of a 12-year-old girl with a Class II division 2 malocclusion complicated by moderate upper and lower arch crowding, multiple unerupted teeth, restored lower first permanent molars, pseudo-transposition of the lower left lateral incisor and canine, and diminutive upper lateral incisors. Treatment involved a combination of an upper removable appliance followed by upper and lower preadjusted edgewise fixed appliances.

A chronology of global air quality.

Air pollution has been recognized as a threat to human health since the time of Hippocrates, 400 BC. Successive written accounts of air pollution occur in different countries through the following two millennia until measurements, from the eighteenth century onwards, show the growing scale of poor air quality in urban centres and close to industry, and the chemical characteristics of the gases and particulate matter. The industrial revolution accelerated both the magnitude of emissions of the primary pollutants and the geographical spread of contributing countries as highly polluted cities became the defining issue, culminating with the great smog of London in 1952.