Stigma reduction interventions for children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: Systematic review of intervention strategies.

Stigmatisation and discrimination are common worldwide, and have profound negative impacts on health and quality of life. Research, albeit limited, has focused predominantly on adults. There is a paucity of literature about stigma reduction strategies concerning children and adolescents, with evidence especially sparse for low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).

Localization of the pathway of the penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum.

The localization of the enzymes involved in penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum hyphae has been studied by immunological detection methods in combination with electron microscopy and cell fractionation. The results suggest a complicated pathway involving different intracellular locations. The enzyme delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthetase was found to be associated with membranes or small organelles.