Food plant toxicants and safety Risk assessment and regulation of inherent toxicants in plant foods.

The ADI as a tool for risk management and regulation of food additives and pesticide residues is not readily applicable to inherent food plant toxicants: The margin between actual intake and potentially toxic levels is often small; application of the default uncertainty factors used to derive ADI values, particularly when extrapolating from animal data, would prohibit the utilisation of the food, which may have an overall beneficial health effect. Levels of inherent toxicants are difficult to control; their complete removal is not always wanted, due to their function for the plant or for human health. The health impact of the inherent toxicant is often modified by factors in the food, e.

Contribution of selected fungi to the reduction of cyanogen levels during solid substrate fermentation of cassava.

The effect of six individual strains of the dominant microflora in solid substrate fermenting cassava on cyanogen levels was examined. Six out of eight batches of disinfected cassava root pieces were incubated for 72 h after inoculation with either of the fungi Geotrichum candidum, Mucor racemosus, Neurospora sitophila, Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus stolonifer, or a Bacillus sp., isolated from on-farm fermented cassava flours from Uganda.

Mechanisms of increased linamarin degradation during solid-substrate fermentation of cassava.

Several fungi and bacteria, isolated from Ugandan domestic fermented cassava, released HCN from linamarin in defined growth media. In 72 h, a Bacillus sp. decreased the linamarin to 1% of initial concentrations, Mucor racemosus to 7%, Rhizopus oryzae and R.

Reducing cassava toxicity by heap-fermentation in Uganda.

Processing of cassava roots by the Alur tribe in Uganda includes a stage of solid substrate fermentation in heaps. Changes in cyanogen levels during the process, microflora involved, and protein levels, amino acid patterns and mycotoxin contamination of the final products were studied. Processing was monitored at six rural households and repeated at laboratory site, comparing it to sun-drying.

A randomized clinical trial of manual therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: subgroup analysis and relationship between outcome measures.

Objective: To study the efficacy of manual therapy and physiotherapy in subgroups of patients with persistent back and neck complaints. The second objective was to determine the correlation between three important outcome measures used in this trial.

Design: Randomized clinical trial (subgroup analysis).