Psychiatric comorbidities and prescribing tendencies of sleep medications and related medications in young people with insomnia: a United States commercial claims-based analysis.

Study Objectives: To characterize children and youth newly diagnosed with insomnia and to describe their use of sleep and other related prescription medications.

Methods: Within a commercial claims database (January 1, 2016-December 31, 2021), we identified children and youth (2-24 years) with a newly recorded insomnia diagnosis (G47.0x; F51.

Classification and Epidemiology of Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents.

Sleep disturbances are common in children and adolescents but still remain unrecognized and undertreated. Several classification systems of sleep disorders are available, which include recent attempts to develop more specific nosologic categories that reflect developmental aspects of sleep. The prevalence of sleep disorders has been studied across various samples of healthy, typically developing children and those with special medical, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental needs.

Biohybrid Photonic Platform for Subcellular Stimulation and Readout of In Vitro Neurons.

Targeted manipulation of neural activity via light has become an indispensable tool for gaining insights into the intricate processes governing single neurons and complex neural networks. To shed light onto the underlying interaction mechanisms, it is crucial to achieve precise control of individual neural activity, as well as a spatial read-out resolution on the nanoscale. Here, a versatile photonic platform with subcellular resolution for stimulation and monitoring of in-vitro neurons is demonstrated.

Hydrogen peroxide is not generated intracellularly in human neural spheroids during ischemia-reperfusion.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered a primary source of damage during ischemic stroke. However, the precise timing of ROS production (during hypoxia or reperfusion) remains unclear. Cellular 3D spheroids are often proposed as an optimal alternative to both 2D cell cultures and animal models in modeling disease conditions.

High-repetition-rate pulse generation via self-sustaining cross-gain modulation in a semiconductor-based laser.

We present a simple and efficient method for generating regular pulse trains with GHz pulse repetition rates in lasers based on semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). This method enables pulse formation without active modulation or saturable absorption of the generated radiation. The method relies upon the self-sustaining cross-gain modulation which is achieved by adding the negative optical feedback (NOF) to a ring laser configuration.