Cyclic Olefin Copolymer-Based Fixed-Target Sample Delivery Device for Protein X-ray Crystallography.

Serial macromolecular X-ray crystallography plays an important role in elucidating protein structures and consequently progressing the field of targeted therapeutics. The use of pulsed beams at different repetition frequencies requires the development of various sample-conserving injection strategies to minimize sample wastage between X-ray exposures. Fixed-target sample delivery methods that use solid support to hold the crystals in the X-ray beam path are gaining interest as a sample-conserving delivery system for X-ray crystallography with high crystal hit rates.

Hepatic lipogenesis marked by GCKR-modulated triglycerides increases serum FGF21 in children/teens with obesity.

Aims: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) decreases hepatic lipogenesis in animal models, and FGF21 analogues decrease serum triglycerides (TG) in adults in phase-2 trials. On the other hand, serum FGF21 is associated with higher TG in observational studies of people with obesity, raising a sort of paradox. We tested the hypothesis that FGF21 is induced by TG in youth with obesity, as a compensatory mechanism.

Comprehensive characterization of gas dynamic virtual nozzles for x-ray free-electron laser experiments.

We introduce a hardware-software system for rapidly characterizing liquid microjets for x-ray diffraction experiments. An open-source python-based software package allows for programmatic and automated data collection and analysis. We show how jet speed, length, and diameter are influenced by nozzle geometry, gas flow rate, liquid viscosity, and liquid flow rate.

Carotid Complications in Skull Base Surgery.

Carotid artery rupture is a worrisome complication that sometimes occurs during microsurgical or endoscopic skull base procedures. Many identifiable aspects are related to prevention, intraoperative management, and immediate postoperative endovascular treatment. This article deals with microsurgical and endoscopic cases in which the carotid artery or its branches have been damaged in the context of a resection of skull base lesions.