Invasive bacterial pathogens exploit TLR-mediated downregulation of tight junction components to facilitate translocation across the epithelium.

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are members of the normal human nasal microbiota with the ability to cause invasive infections. Bacterial invasion requires translocation across the epithelium; however, mechanistic understanding of this process is limited. Examining the epithelial response to murine colonization by S.

HIV integration targeting: a pathway involving Transportin-3 and the nuclear pore protein RanBP2.

Genome-wide siRNA screens have identified host cell factors important for efficient HIV infection, among which are nuclear pore proteins such as RanBP2/Nup358 and the karyopherin Transportin-3/TNPO3. Analysis of the roles of these proteins in the HIV replication cycle suggested that correct trafficking through the pore may facilitate the subsequent integration step. Here we present data for coupling between these steps by demonstrating that depletion of Transportin-3 or RanBP2 altered the terminal step in early HIV replication, the selection of chromosomal sites for integration.

APOBEC3 proteins expressed in mammary epithelial cells are packaged into retroviruses and can restrict transmission of milk-borne virions.

Viruses, including retroviruses like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), are transmitted from mother to infants through milk. Lymphoid cells and antibodies are thought to provide mammary gland and milk-borne immunity. In contrast, little is known about the role of mammary epithelial cells (MECs).

Evaluation of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization on direct hematological bone marrow smears.

Traditional cytogenetic analysis from bone marrow aspirates is time consuming and frequently suboptimal due to poor viability of cells in culture. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with appropriate DNA probes is a potential alternative to routine cytogenetics. Our study examined the reliability of uptake of specific alpha satellite centromere probes from chromosome 18 (D18Z1) and X (DXZ1) and the Yq heterochromatin (pHY3.