EDESIA: Plants, Food and Health: A cross-disciplinary PhD programme from crop to clinic.

In an era where preventive medicine is increasingly important due to an ageing population and rising obesity, optimised diets are key to improving health and reducing risk of ill health. The Wellcome Trust-funded, EDESIA: Plants, Food and Health: a cross-disciplinary PhD programme from Crop to Clinic (218 467/Z/19/Z) focuses on investigating plant-based nutrition and health, from crop to clinic, drawing on the world-class interdisciplinary research expertise of partner institutions based on the Norwich Research Park (University of East Anglia, John Innes Centre, Quadram Institute and Earlham Institute). Through a rotation-based programme, EDESIA PhD students will train in a wide range of disciplines across the translational pathway of nutrition research, including analyses of epidemiological datasets, assessment of nutritional bioactives, biochemical, genetic, cell biological and functional analyses of plant metabolites, in vitro analyses in tissue and cell cultures, investigation of efficacy in animal models of disease, investigation of effects on composition and functioning of the microbiota and human intervention studies.

Pentadactyl ground state of the manus of Alligator mississippiensis and insights into the evolution of digital reduction in Archosauria.

The three-fingered state of the avian manus poses intriguing questions about the evolution of digit reduction. Although digit reduction in most tetrapods appears to be the product of straightforward digit loss, avian digit reduction may have occurred with a dissociation of digit position from digit identity. The three digits of birds have the ancestral identities of I, II, and III but develop from an early pentadactyl ground state from digital anlage 2, 3, and 4.

Variability and conservation in late chondrichthyan development: ontogeny of the winter skate (Leucoraja ocellata).

The ontogeny of the northwestern Atlantic batoid, Leucoraja ocellata, is described with special focus on the development of skate specific morphologies and the development of the fins. The results show that the sequence of events involving the early outgrowth of the paired fins and the initial development of the pharyngeal region is remarkably constant in skates, holocephalians, and sharks. However, differences exist in timing of the reshaping of the mandibular arch region, development of branchial filaments, median fins, denticles, and the order of branchial cleft formation.

The ecology and genetics of fitness in Chlamydomonas. XIII. Fitness of long-term sexual and asexual populations in benign environments.

We measured the mean fitness of populations of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii maintained in the laboratory as obligately sexual or asexual populations for about 100 sexual cycles and about 1000 asexual generations. Sexuality (random gamete fusion followed by meiosis) is expected to reduce mutational load and increase mean fitness by combining deleterious mutations from different lines of descent. We found no evidence for this process of mutation clearance: the mean fitness of sexual populations did not exceed that of asexual populations, whether measured through competition or in pure culture.

Primary T cell lymphoma of salivary gland: a report of a case and review of the literature.

Lymphoma of the salivary gland accounts for 5% of cases of extranodal lymphoma and 10% of malignant salivary gland tumours. Most primary salivary gland lymphomas are B marginal zone lymphomas arising on a background of sialadenitis associated with autoimmune disorders such as Sjorgen's syndrome. Primary T cell lymphoma of the salivary gland is rare.