Imidazolines and the pancreatic B-cell. Actions and binding sites.

Stimulation of insulin secretion by imidazoline compounds displays variable characteristics. Phentolamine (10-100 microM) increased secretion of perifused mouse islets at nonstimulatory glucose concentrations (5 mM) and even in the absence of glucose. Idazoxan (20-100 microM) elicited a moderate increase in insulin secretion, which required the presence of a stimulatory glucose concentration (10 mM).

Heterogeneous characteristics of imidazoline-induced insulin secretion.

Imidazolines are regarded as a pharmacological group of insulin secretagogues with one uniform mechanism of action, namely closure of ATP-dependent K+ channels (K(ATP) channels) and, in consequence, depolarization of the plasma membrane, Ca2+ influx and stimulation of secretion. This assumption was investigated by measuring insulin secretion from perifused pancreatic islets in response to three imidazoline compounds and comparing the characteristics of secretion with changes in membrane potential and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i of single beta-cells. Phentolamine (32 microM) stimulated insulin secretion from perifused mouse islets in the presence of stimulatory (10 mM and 30 mM) and substimulatory (5 mM) glucose concentrations and even in the absence of glucose.

No evidence for PKC activation in stimulation of insulin secretion by phentolamine.

The possible role of protein kinase C (PKC) activation in the course of insulin secretion induced by the imidazoline phentolamine was investigated by measuring the insulin secretion of perifused mouse islets and of insulin-secreting HIT cells and by measuring the PKC activity of HIT cells. When normal mouse islets were perifused with the imidazoline phentolamine (32 microM) or the sulfonylurea glibenclamide (1 microM), neither phentolamine nor glibenclamide could produce a stimulation of secretion which was stronger than that elicited by a strong depolarization. Under the same conditions, tetradecanoylphorbolacetate (TPA, 50 nM), a known activator of PKC activity in pancreatic islets, markedly enhanced the secretion induced by K+ depolarization.

Imidazoline/guanidinium binding sites and their relation to inhibition of K(ATP) channels in pancreatic B-cells.

To elucidate the beta-cytotropic effect of imidazoline compounds their inhibitory effect on ATP-dependent K+ channels (K(ATP) channels) in pancreatic B-cells was compared with their binding to membranes from insulin-secreting HIT T15 cells. K(ATP) channels in inside-out patches from B-cells were closed with the following rank order of efficacy at 10 microM: guanabenz > phentolamine = alinidine > clonidine > idazoxan > rilmenidine = amiloride. The last four compounds achieved an incomplete inhibition only.

Effects of imidazoline compounds on cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration and ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic B-cells.

Phentolamine, an alpha-adrenoceptor-blocking agent with an imidazoline structure, induces an increase in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration of pancreatic B-cells. This effect occurs at a concentration (32 microM) at which phentolamine is able to enhance glucose-induced insulin secretion. The increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration caused by phentolamine is additive to the one elicited by a maximally effective concentration of tolbutamide (100 microM).