Effects of exposure to winter oilseed rape grown from thiamethoxam-treated seed on the red mason bee Osmia bicornis.

There has been increasing interest in the effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on wild bees. In solitary bee species the direct link between each individual female and reproductive success offers the opportunity to evaluate effects on individuals. The present study investigated effects of exposure to winter oilseed rape grown from thiamethoxam-treated seed on reproductive behavior and output of solitary red mason bees (Osmia bicornis) released in 6 pairs of fields over a 2-yr period and confined to tunnels in a single year.

Animal model for sport-related concussion; ICP and cognitive function.

Background: We have recently developed and characterized a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury which simulates the concussive injuries frequently encountered by players in American professional football.

Objectives: To study the effect of multiple impacts to the head on intracranial pressure, cognitive function, and exploratory behavior.

Materials And Methods: The model was employed to cause concussion.

Evaluation of three animal models for concussion and serious brain injury.

Three animal models were evaluated in this study involving head impacts of the rat, including the Marmarou drop-weight and two momentum-exchange techniques. In series 1, 36 Wistar rats were hit on the side of the free-moving head using Marmarou's 450 g impact mass at 4.4, 5.

Mechanisms and pathophysiology of the low-level blast brain injury in animal models.

The symptoms of primary blast-induced mTBI, posttraumatic stress disorder and depression overlap. Evidence of an organic basis for these entities has been scarce and controversial. We present a review of animal studies demonstrating that low-level blast causes pathophysiological and functional changes in the brain.

Low-level blast raises intracranial pressure and impairs cognitive function in rats: prophylaxis with processed cereal feed.

There is increasing evidence that even low levels of blast cause brain injury, but little is known about their thresholds and mechanisms. Exposure of rats to 10-60 kPa blasts elevate intracranial pressure (ICP) in a dose-dependent manner and impair cognitive function. We have evaluated a prophylactic measure against these brain injuries in a rat animal model, consisting of feeding them processed cereal.