ATP Synthase c-Subunit Leak Causes Aberrant Cellular Metabolism in Fragile X Syndrome.

Loss of the gene (Fmr1) encoding Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) causes increased mRNA translation and aberrant synaptic development. We find neurons of the Fmr1 mouse have a mitochondrial inner membrane leak contributing to a "leak metabolism." In human Fragile X syndrome (FXS) fibroblasts and in Fmr1 mouse neurons, closure of the ATP synthase leak channel by mild depletion of its c-subunit or pharmacological inhibition normalizes stimulus-induced and constitutive mRNA translation rate, decreases lactate and key glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme levels, and triggers synapse maturation.

Is Drinking Contagious? An Analysis of the Collectivity of Drinking Behavior Theory Within a Multilevel Framework.

Aims: To analyze the effect of behavioral contagion regarding problematic adolescent alcohol use among countries with varying prevalence of problematic drinking.

Methods: Nested data from 48,215 12 to 16-year olds from seventh to ninth grade of 25 European countries (48.5% male, M = 13.

Substance Use Patterns Among Adolescents in Europe: A Latent Class Analysis.

Background: Several researchers have investigated substance use patterns using a latent class analysis; however, hardly no studies exist on substance use patterns across countries.

Objectives: Adolescent substance use patterns, demographic factors, and international differences in the prevalence of substance use patterns were explored.

Methods: Data from 25 European countries were used to identify patterns of adolescent (12-16 years, 50.

Alcohol drinking cultures of European adolescents.

Background: Adolescent alcohol use varies across Europe. Differences in use might be due to variations in social drinking norms. These norms become apparent, e.

Design, synthesis, radiolabeling, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of bridgehead iodinated analogues of N-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}-N-(pyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY-100635) as potential SPECT ligands for the 5-HT1A receptor.

Here we describe the design, synthesis, and pharmacological profile of 5-HT(1A) receptor ligands related to 1 (WAY-100635). The cyclohexyl moiety in 1 and its O-desmethylated analogue 3 were replaced by the bridgehead iodinated bridge-fused rings: adamantyl, cubyl, bicyclo[2.2.