Endocrine, auxological and metabolic profile in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: from infancy to the first steps into adult life.

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal disorder worldwide. Along with intellectual disability, endocrine disorders represent a remarkable share of the morbidities experienced by children, adolescents and young adults with DS. Auxological parameters are plotted on syndrome-specific charts, as growth rates are reduced compared to healthy age- and gender-matched peers.

Motor Skills and Executive Functions in Pediatric Patients with Down Syndrome: A Challenge for Tailoring Physical Activity Interventions.

Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common chromosomal disorders. In addition to this variety of dysmorphic features. DS is also associated with a wide range of diseases and related comorbidities affecting different organs and systems.

Thyroid Function Tests in Children and Adolescents With Trisomy 21: Definition of Syndrome-Specific Reference Ranges.

Context: The lack of syndrome-specific reference ranges for thyroid function tests (TFT) among pediatric patients with Down syndrome (DS) results in an overestimation of the occurrence of hypothyroidism in this population.

Objective: To (a) outline the age-dependent distribution of TFT among pediatric patients with DS; (b) describe the intraindividual variability of TFT over time; and (c) assess the role of elevated thyrotropin (TSH) in predicting the future onset of overt hypothyroidism.

Methods: In this retrospective, monocentric, observational analysis, we included 548 patients with DS (0-18 years) longitudinally assessed between 1992 and 2022.

Thyroid function, sensitivity to thyroid hormones, and metabolic syndrome in euthyroid children and adolescents with Down syndrome.

Purpose: Patients with Down Syndrome (DS) showed multiple comorbidities, including thyroid disorders, obesity, and metabolic derangement. Different thyroid hormone (THs) patterns and sensitivity to thyroid hormone indices (STHI) seem to be associated with metabolic disorders. The study's aim was to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in pediatric patients affected by DS, taking into consideration the relationship between the metabolic parameters, THs and STHI.

Adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes display a high prevalence of endothelial dysfunction.

Aim: Little is known about endothelial function in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, and we evaluated endothelial dysfunction, using reactive hyperaemia peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT).

Methods: This prospective, observational, 1-year study focused on 73 adolescents with type 1 diabetes, using multiple daily injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. The subjects were assessed using RH-PAT, body mass index, blood pressure, fasting lipid profile, glycated haemoglobin, insulin requirements and hours of physical exercise per week.