Arteriovenous Shunts: Their Location and Role in Physiology, Pathology, and Tissue Transfer. A Preliminary Report in the Upper Limb.

Background: Tiny arteriovenous (AV) shunts of 10-150 µm (0.01-0.15 mm) are documented in the hands and feet.

Thermoregulation, Not Just Camouflage: The Unique Vasculature of Giraffe Patches. A Cadaver Study with Clinical Implications.

Background: Serendipitously, a dead giraffe provided opportunity to study its vascular anatomy. Comparative animal studies have revealed important information for designing new flaps and new microsurgical techniques. So, do giraffe's patches support a thermal window concept, do animals with similar markings and habitat have a similar thermoregulatory role, and could results offer new insight into human thermoregulation and free tissue transfer?

Methods: Previously described lead-oxide arterial-only injection studies, of a single giraffe, zebra, Africa wild dog, and spotted jaguar, all with wire-encircled pigmented patches; and archival human, pig, dog, cat, and rabbit studies, were compared.

Settlement, environment, and climate change in SW Anatolia: Dynamics of regional variation and the end of Antiquity.

This paper develops a regional dataset of change at 381 settlements for Lycia-Pamphylia in southwest Anatolia (Turkey) from volume 8 of the Tabula Imperii Byzantini-a compilation of historical toponyms and archaeological evidence. This region is rich in archaeological remains and high-quality paleo-climatic and -environmental archives. Our archaeological synthesis enables direct comparison of these datasets to discuss current hypotheses of climate impacts on historical societies.

Increasing Perfusion Pressure Does Not Distend Perforators or Anastomoses but Reveals Arteriovenous Shuntings.

Background: It has been proposed that hyperperfusion of perforators and distension of anastomotic vessels may be a mechanism by which large perforator flaps are perfused. This study investigates whether increasing perfusion pressure of radiographic contrast in cadaveric studies altered the radiographic appearance of vessels, particularly by distending their anastomotic connections.

Methods: From 10 fresh cadavers, bilateral upper limbs above the elbow were removed.

The Functional Anatomy of the Ophthalmic Angiosome and Its Implications in Blindness as a Complication of Cosmetic Facial Filler Procedures.

Background: Blindness following facial filler procedures, although rare, is devastating, usually acute, permanent, and attributed to an ophthalmic artery embolus. However, blindness may be delayed for up to 2 weeks, sometimes following injection at remote sites, suggesting alternative pathways and pathogenesis.

Methods: Seeking solutions, fresh cadaver radiographic lead oxide injection, dissection, and histologic studies of the orbital and facial pathways of the ophthalmic angiosome, performed by the ophthalmic artery and vein, both isolated and together, and facial artery perfusions, were combined with total body archival arterial and venous investigations.