Decoding the Nature of the Peritrich Stalk: A Distinctive Organelle in a Large Group of Ciliated Unicellular Eukaryotes.

Ciliates represent a diverse assemblage of ancient single-celled eukaryotes characterized by diverse morphological features. Among certain sessilid peritrich ciliates, an exceptional morphological structure known as the stalk has been documented since the pioneering work of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century. This study conducts a comparative genomic analysis of three sessile peritrich species-Epistylis sp.

A Posterior Approach for Combined Targeting of the Centromedian Nucleus and Pulvinar for Responsive Neurostimulation.

Background And Objectives: Neuromodulation for the treatment of epilepsy is a growing field, and several thalamic nuclei (including the anterior nucleus, centromedian nucleus [CM], and pulvinar) have been implicated and targeted. Although an anterior trajectory approach to the CM is conventionally used, we report on a novel posterior trajectory which can be useful when the conventional anterior approach is surgically challenging, or where dual CM and pulvinar coverage is desired.

Methods: Clinical and imaging data were retrospectively collected from 7 patients with at least 1 posterior trajectory CM lead and 4 patients with at least 1 anterior trajectory CM lead.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Beta-Amyloid Concentration and Clinical and Radiographic Manifestations of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy.

Background: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is driven by vascular Aβ (amyloid-beta) deposition, which can be detected as reduced Aβ species in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We sought to identify relationships between CSF Aβ and tau concentrations and various manifestations of CAA.

Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional single-center study of patients diagnosed with CAA per Boston Criteria version 2.

Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Four Anaerobic Ciliates (Protista, Ciliophora, Armophorea), with Report of a New Species and a Unique Arrangement Pattern of Dikinetids in Family Metopidae.

The diversity of anaerobic ciliates is greatly underestimated owing to the limitation in sampling and cultivation when compared with their aerobic counterparts. In this study, four anaerobic ciliates, viz. sp.

The Problem with Time: Application of Partial Least Squares Analysis on Time-Frequency Plots to Account for Varying Time Intervals with Applied EEG Data.

When attempting to study neurocognitive mechanisms with electroencephalography (EEG) in applied ecologically valid settings, responses to stimuli may differ in time, which presents challenges to traditional EEG averaging methods. In this proof-of-concept paper, we present a method to normalize time over unequal trial lengths while preserving frequency content. Epochs are converted to time-frequency space where they are resampled to contain an equal number of timepoints representing the proportion of trial complete rather than true time.