High-dose multi-agent chemotherapy followed by bone marrow 'rescue' for malignant astrocytomas of childhood and adolescence.

Between April 1986 and March 1989, ten patients under 21 years of age with histologically confirmed malignant astrocytoma, received marrow-ablative chemotherapy with either thiotepa and Etoposide (five patients) or thiotepa, Etoposide and BCNU (five patients), followed by bone marrow 'rescue'. Nine patients had glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and one patient had an intrinsic brain stem anaplastic astrocytoma (AA). Seven patients were treated for recurrent tumor.

Telescopes, light vergence, and accommodation.

This paper explains why the accommodative response to near objects is ineffective through a telescope. A simple formula is used to demonstrate the need for a bifocal spectacle objective or a change in vertex distance when viewing near objects with a contact lens spectacle lens telescope. Using this exact formula, clinicians can now more precisely compare refractions with and withoug a telescope.

The measurement and recording of vision at near test distances.

Confusion and misconception characterize the designation of near visual acuities because of the numerous systems in use. Most of these systems do not lend themselves to accurate or easy usage or to comparison with other test distances. Use of the M system, with the actual test distances recorded in meters, is suggested as a simplified system for standardization.