The interface between veterinary and human antibiotic use.

The identification and early development of novel antimicrobial agents for use in veterinary medicine is subject to many of the same business and technical challenges as those found in antimicrobial agent use for human infectious disease. However, as awareness that some of the antimicrobial classes used in veterinary medicine are the same as used in human medicine, concern by multiple stakeholders has increased that this nonhuman use might be contributing to the problem of antimicrobial resistance to pathogens in humans, particularly with regard to food-borne diseases, such as salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis. Consequently, the interface between veterinary and human antibiotic use and resistance, especially with respect to human microbial food safety, has begun to redirect the industry pipeline of novel antimicrobial agents to be commercialized for use in veterinary medicine.

Cognitive deficits in interleukin-10-deficient mice after peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide.

Interleukin (IL)-10 is important for regulating inflammation but whether it protects against infection-related deficits in cognitive function is unknown. Therefore, the current study evaluated sickness behavior, hippocampal-dependent matching-to-place performance and several inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophins in wild-type (IL-10(+/+)) and IL-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mice after i.p.

Architectural changes to CA1 pyramidal neurons in adult and aged mice after peripheral immune stimulation.

The expression of several inflammatory cytokines that inhibit synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-dependent learning and memory is higher in the brains of aged mice compared to young adults after peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study we investigated whether the exaggerated inflammatory cytokine response in the hippocampus of aged mice after IP injection of LPS is associated with architectural changes to dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the dorsal CA1 hippocampus. Compared to young adults, aged mice had higher basal expression of MHC class II, lower basal expression of two neurotrophins, nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and a decrease in total dendritic length in both the basal and apical tree.

In vivo vitamin E administration attenuates interleukin-6 and interleukin-1beta responses to an acute inflammatory insult in mouse skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Antioxidants are associated with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in immune cells and isolated tissues; however, no studies have examined whether short-term vitamin E administration is associated with reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine expression in mouse skeletal and cardiac muscle, in vivo. These experiments tested the hypothesis that vitamin E administration attenuates nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), IL-6, IL-1beta and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) responses in skeletal and cardiac muscle to an inflammatory challenge induced by systemic LPS. We compared IL-6, IL-1beta and TNFalpha mRNA and protein, activated NF-kappaB and total oxidized proteins in skeletal and cardiac muscle 4 or 24 h after saline or LPS injection in mice receiving vitamin E or placebo for 3 days prior to the insult.

Improved psychomotor performance in aged mice fed diet high in antioxidants is associated with reduced ex vivo brain interleukin-6 production.

Psychomotor performance is decreased in the aged. This study investigated the relationship between brain oxidative stress, interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by brain tissue ex vivo and psychomotor deficits during aging, and the effects of feeding an antioxidant-rich diet on ex vivo brain IL-6 production and motor function in aged mice. Male BALBc mice reared in SPF conditions and ranging in age from 3 to 24 months were studied.