Electron Transfer Dynamics at Dye-Sensitized SnO/TiO Core/Shell Electrodes in Aqueous/Nonaqueous Electrolyte Mixtures.

The dynamics of photoinduced electron transfer were measured at dye-sensitized photoanodes in aqueous (acetate buffer), nonaqueous (acetonitrile), and mixed solvent electrolytes by nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) and ultrafast optical-pump terahertz-probe spectroscopy (OPTP). Higher injection efficiencies were found in mixed solvent electrolytes for dye-sensitized SnO/TiO core/shell electrodes, whereas the injection efficiency of dye-sensitized TiO electrodes decreased with the increasing acetonitrile concentration. The trend in injection efficiency for the TiO electrodes was consistent with the solvent-dependent trend in the semiconductor flat band potential.

Deoxyfluorination of Carboxylic Acids via an Generated Trifluoromethoxide Salt.

An generated pyridinium trifluoromethoxide salt (PyOCF) is a highly effective deoxyfluorination reagent for the synthesis of acid fluorides. PyOCF is formed at room temperature from the reaction of 2,4-dinitro(trifluoromethoxy)benzene with 4-dimethylaminopyridine. PyOCF undergoes slow release of fluorophosgene and fluoride, which serve as the electrophile and nucleophile, respectively, for deoxyfluorination.

An analytical mechanical model to describe the response of NiTi rotary endodontic files in a curved root canal.

Aim: To build a mathematical model describing the mechanical behavior of NiTi rotary files while they are rotating in a root canal.

Methodology: The file was seen as a beam undergoing large transformations. The instrument was assumed to be rotating steadily in the root canal, and the geometry of the canal was considered as a known parameter of the problem.

In vivo characterization of the mechanical properties of human skin derived from MRI and indentation techniques.

The human skin is an exceedingly complex and multi-layered material. This paper aims to introduce the application of the finite element analysis (FEA) to the in vivo characterization of the non-linear mechanical behaviour of three human skin layers. Indentation tests combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique have been performed on the left dorsal forearm of a young man in order to reveal the mechanical behaviour of all skin layers.

A new method to model change in cutaneous blood flow due to mechanical skin irritation part II: parameter identification procedure.

Mechanical skin irritation, for example a light scratch with a needle, induces histamine and neuropeptide release on the line of stroke and in the surrounding tissue. Both histamine and neuropeptides are vasodilators. They cause vasodilation by changing the contraction state of the vascular smooth muscles and hence vessel compliance.