The prevalence and clinical significance of HER2 expression in prostate adenocarcinoma.

Aims: Abnormalities in HER2 are well-established oncogenic drivers and are approved therapeutic targets in various malignancies. Prior studies evaluating HER2 expression in prostate cancer (PCa) have yielded variable results. Most of these studies used immunohistochemistry scoring systems based on breast cancer data.

The Greatwall-Endosulfine Switch Accelerates Autophagic Flux during the Cell Divisions Leading to G1 Arrest and Entry into Quiescence in Fission Yeast.

Entry into quiescence in the fission yeast is induced by nitrogen starvation. In the absence of nitrogen, proliferating fission yeast cells divide twice without cell growth and undergo cell cycle arrest in G1 before becoming G0 quiescent cells. Under these conditions, autophagy is induced to produce enough nitrogen for the two successive cell divisions that take place before the G1 arrest.

Nutritional Control of Cell Size by the Greatwall-Endosulfine-PP2A·B55 Pathway.

Proliferating cells adjust their cell size depending on the nutritional environment. Cells are large in rich media and small in poor media. This physiological response has been demonstrated in both unicellular and multicellular organisms.

Fission yeast TORC1 prevents eIF2α phosphorylation in response to nitrogen and amino acids via Gcn2 kinase.

Serine 51 phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α) is an important mechanism involved in blocking general protein synthesis in response to diverse types of stress. In fission yeast, three kinases (Hri1, Hri2 and Gcn2) can phosphorylate eIF2α at serine 51. In this study, we show that Tor2, as part of the TORC1 complex, prevents the phosphorylation of eIF2α in cells growing in the presence of nitrogen and amino acids.

Functional interactions of Rec24, the fission yeast ortholog of mouse Mei4, with the meiotic recombination-initiation complex.

A physical connection between each pair of homologous chromosomes is crucial for reductional chromosome segregation during the first meiotic division and therefore for successful meiosis. Connection is provided by recombination (crossing over) initiated by programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Although the topoisomerase-like protein Spo11 makes DSBs and is evolutionarily conserved, how Spo11 (Rec12 in fission yeast) is regulated to form DSBs at the proper time and place is poorly understood.