Oral fentanyl consumption and withdrawal impairs fear extinction learning and enhances basolateral amygdala principal neuron excitatory-inhibitory balance in male and female mice.

The number of opioid overdose deaths has increased over the past several years, mainly driven by an increase in the availability of highly potent synthetic opioids, like fentanyl, in the un-regulated drug supply. Over the last few years, changes in the drug supply, and in particular the availability of counterfeit pills containing fentanyl, have made oral use of opioids a more common route of administration. Here, we used a drinking in the dark (DiD) paradigm to model oral fentanyl self-administration using increasing fentanyl concentrations in male and female mice over 5 weeks.

Diversity of ancestral brainstem noradrenergic neurons across species and multiple biological factors.

The brainstem region, locus coeruleus (LC), has been remarkably conserved across vertebrates. Evolution has woven the LC into wide-ranging neural circuits that influence functions as broad as autonomic systems, the stress response, nociception, sleep, and high-level cognition among others. Given this conservation, there is a strong possibility that LC activity is inherently similar across species, and furthermore that age, sex, and brain state influence LC activity similarly across species.

Delayed surgery of elbow Osteochondroma: A case of overcoming barriers in rural Uganda.

Introduction: Osteochondromas are the most common benign bone tumours in children. They typically manifest near the knee, proximal humerus, or distal femur. While often asymptomatic, they can lead to pain, functional impairments, deformities, and pathologic fractures.

Olfactory-Related Adverse Events: An Analysis of the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System.

Objective: Olfactory dysfunction has gained considerable interest with its association to the coronavirus pandemic. Due to the limited literature on olfactory-related adverse events (ORAE) associated with medications, this study investigated ORAE reported in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) to identify the most frequent medications associated with these reactions.

Study Design: Cross-sectional analysis SETTING: FAERS database.