Guidance for establishing and applying tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and essential minerals.

Vitamins and essential minerals are micronutrients that are required for the normal functioning of the human body. However, they may lead to adverse health effects if consumed in excess. A tolerable upper intake level (UL) is a science-based reference value that supports policy-makers and other relevant actors in managing the risks of excess nutrient intake.

Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for manganese.

Following a request from the European Commission (EC), the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for manganese. Systematic reviews of the literature of human and animal data were conducted to assess evidence regarding excess manganese intake (including authorised manganese salts) and the priority adverse health effect, i.e.

[Food supplements: real food or fake medicine?].

"Food supplements: real food or fake medicine? Food supplements are regulatorily considered as food. As such, they are just supposed to bring nutrients to people whose diet would not cover their nutritional needs. Ideally, they should only be consumed after a nutritional check-up.